青枝骨折

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简介|

儿童骨骼系统的组成、解剖和组织学不只是成人骨骼系统的缩小版;相反,它的独特之处在于它允许从童年到成年的快速成长和变化。

成人和儿童骨骼系统之间的大多数差异是由于儿童人群的开放性骨骺,这允许在青春期和成年期间骨骼成熟之前继续生长骨骺是长骨的生长板,包括趾骨、腓骨、胫骨、股骨、桡骨、尺骨和肱骨。它允许骨骼从软骨基质生长,称为软骨内骨化,这与从间充质组织或膜内骨化不同骨骺位于长骨末端,骨骺在其上,干骺在其下像股骨这样的长骨有两个由骨干分开的骨骺,骨干是长骨的骨干。然而,像趾骨这样的长骨只有一种骨理。骨骺分为4个区:(1)由透明软骨组成的储备区或休息区;(2)增生区,由增殖的软骨细胞组成,排列成陷窝(湖);(3)肥大区,软骨细胞停止分裂,开始增大;(4)钙化区,矿物质沉积到陷窝钙化软骨。 The calcified cartilage breaks down allowing for vascular invasion and osteoblastic/osteoclastic bone matrix deposition and remodeling. Therefore, prior to ossification, the majority of pediatric bone is just calcified cartilage, which is very compliant when compared to the ossified bones of adults.[1] Due to their increased compliance, pediatric bones tend to have more bowing and bending injuries under stress that would cause a fracture in an adult bone.[1] Furthermore, the pediatric periosteum is more active, thicker and stronger in children, which greatly decreases the chance of open fractures and fracture displacement. These and other qualities of the pediatric periosteum, as well as the increased compliance of the pediatric bone, are responsible for the unique fracture patterns seen in pediatric patients. These fracture patterns include greenstick, torus, and spiral injuries, which are bending injuries rather than full thickness cortical breaks.[1] A greenstick fracture is a partial thickness fracture where only cortex and periosteum are interrupted on one side of the bone, while they remain uninterrupted on the other side.[1][1]

病因|

绿枝骨折最常见发生在伸直的手臂跌倒(FOOSH);然而,其他类型的创伤也可能发生,包括机动车碰撞、运动损伤或儿童被物体击中的非意外创伤。营养不良,特别是维生素d缺乏会增加创伤后长骨青枝骨折的风险。

流行病学|

在美国,大约12%的儿科急诊就诊是由于肌肉骨骼损伤。骨折在肌肉骨骼损伤中占很大比例,导致严重的发病率和并发症。青枝骨折最可能发生在10岁以下的儿童人群中,但也可能发生在任何年龄段,包括成年人女性和男性患者的骨折发生率相同,但男性患者更容易骨折

病理生理学|

绿枝骨折是一种部分厚度骨折,其中一侧骨皮质和骨膜中断,而另一侧骨不中断常见于长骨,包括腓骨、胫骨、尺骨、桡骨、肱骨和锁骨。最常见的是发生在前臂和手臂,涉及尺骨、桡骨或肱骨。[1][3.]This is because people brace falls with an outstretched arm, resulting in fractures to the upper extremities.

面部、胸部、肩胛骨和身体的几乎每一块骨头也可能发生青枝骨折,但其发生频率比长骨要低得多例如,绿枝骨折可能发生在下巴和鼻子髁突骨折是儿童最常见的下颌骨骨折,占所有下颌骨骨折的55%髁突骨折有三种类型。低位髁突下骨折是最常见的骨折,大多数情况下为不完全绿棍骨折鼻外伤在儿童人群中最常导致青棒性骨折,这是由于未融合的中线缝合和鼻骨的大部分软骨组成

参考文献|