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== Introduction == [[File:Epigentics.jpeg|thumb|Image 1: Epigenetics modifications influence when and how often a gene is active]] Epigenetics is the study of [[Genetic Conditions and Inheritance|heritable]] and stable changes in gene expression that occur through adjustments in the chromosome rather than in the DNA sequence. They do not directly alter the DNA sequence, rather epigenetic mechanisms are able to regulate gene expression through chemical modifications of DNA bases and changes to the chromosomal superstructure.<ref name=":2">Al Aboud NM, Tupper C, Jialal I. Genetics, epigenetic mechanism. Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532999/ (accessed 25.7.2022)</ref> Epigenetics affect which genes are expressed, and subsequently whether the cells should produce relevant [[proteins]], e.g. determining a cell’s specialisation such as skin cell, blood cell, hair cell, liver cells, etc. These effects play a role both as a foetus develops through gene expression (active) or repression (dormant), and also through nurture with environmental stimuli having the ability to cause genes to be turned off or turned on.<ref name=":0">What is epigenetics A Super Brief and Basic Explanation of Epigenetics for Total Beginners Available: https://www.whatisepigenetics.com/what-is-epigenetics/<nowiki/>(accessed 25.7.2022)</ref> The different combinations of genes that are turned on or off is what makes each one of us unique. For example, if we have brown or black hair, how sociable you are, how an oyster tastes to us. Additionally, there are indications that some epigenetic changes can be inherited.<ref name=":0" /> Image 1: Epigenetics describes modifications to the genome that can be passed on to future cells.These changes do not alter the nucleotide sequence of the DNA-the As, Gs, Ts, and Cs that make up our genes. Rather, they modify the "backbone" that supports the DNA sequence. These modifications influence when and how often a gene is active. [[File:Epigenetic mechanisms.png|center|thumb|880x880px|Epigenetic mechanisms are affected by several factors and processes including development in utero and in childhood, environmental chemicals, drugs and pharmaceuticals, ageing, and diet. DNA methylation is what occurs when methyl groups, an epigenetic factor found in some dietary sources, can tag DNA and activate or repress genes. Histones are proteins around which DNA can wind for compaction and gene regulation. Histone modification occurs when the binding of epigenetic factors to histone “tails” alters the extent to which DNA is wrapped around histones and the availability of genes in the DNA to be activated. All of these factors and processes can have an effect on people’s health and influence their health possibly resulting in cancer, autoimmune disease, mental disorders, or diabetes among other illnesses.|alt=]]

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