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- 您请求的操作仅限于组中的用户:==呼吸顺畅的心理生理学== ===自主神经系统===[[自主神经系统|自主神经系统]](ANS)由三个分支组成:[[交感神经系统|交感神经系统]](SNS)、[[副交感神经系统|副交感神经系统]](PNS)和[[肠神经系统(ENS)|肠神经系统]](ENS)。Waxenbaum JA, Reddy V, Varacallo M.解剖学，自主神经系统。[2020年8月10日更新]。来源:StatPearls [Internet]。金银岛(FL): StatPearls Publishing;2020年1月。来源:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539845/ Vaillancourt M, Chia P, Sarji S.等。[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5715548/pdf/12931_2017_Article_679.pdf自主神经系统在肺动脉高压中的作用]。Respir Res. 2017;18: 201。一般来说，SNS的激活会导致活动和注意力增加的状态(即战斗或逃跑反应)。血压升高，心率加快，胃肠蠕动停止。相比之下，PNS是休息和消化系统。 It lowers heart rate and blood pressure and restarts peristalsis and digestion. Unlike the SNS, which innervates most tissues in the body, including the musculoskeletal system, the PNS only innervates the head, viscera and external genitalia. A good breathing pattern at rest (i.e. nose breathing, low and slow pattern) will activate the PNS. If this resting breathing pattern is disrupted (i.e. breathing at higher volumes, increased respiratory rate and dysregulation), the SNS will dominate. Both PNS and SNS play a key role in homeostasis throughout the day, but remaining in a prolonged state of SNS due to over-breathing will have a negative effect, resulting in depletion, exhaustion with adrenal burnout. === [[Amygdala]] === The [[amygdala]] is associated with the primitive fight or flight reflex. It is part of the [[Limbic System|limbic system]], which controls emotions and behaviours, as well as memory formation.AbuHasan Q, Reddy V, Siddiqui W. Neuroanatomy, Amygdala. [Updated 2020 Aug 10]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537102/ The amygdala helps to regulate anxiety, aggression, fear conditioning, emotional memory and social cognition. It also has a modulatory effect on acquiring / consolidating memories that result in an emotional response. {{#ev:youtube|JVvMSwsOXPw}}Neuroscientifically Challenged. 2-Minute Neuroscience: Amygdala. Available from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JVvMSwsOXPw [last accessed: 23/08/2020] When individuals do not breathe effectively, their amygdala is activated and they become reactive. It is important to remember that when we breathe optimally, the brain will be fully oxygenated, with appropriate blood flow through the [[Frontal Lobe|frontal]] cortex. However, if this pattern is disrupted and we over-breathe, this system is disrupted and the amygdala will be triggered, resulting in further over-breathing, and a cycle of panic, anxiety and fear. Consciously reducing respiratory rate can counteract this effect, deactivating the amygdala and improving rational and logical thought. Thus, when retraining breathing, it is important to focus on extending the pause at the end of the breath. Widening the gap between a reaction and a response can sometimes be sufficient to slow the system down. This enables the frontal cortex to re-engage and prevent an over-reaction. This breathing technique is, therefore, an important tool to aid self-regulation, as well as to combat stress, anxiety and to enhance rational decision making. === Pain and Breathing === Altered pain perception has been associated with respirationJafari H, Courtois I, Van den Bergh O, Vlaeyen JWS, Van Diest I. Pain and respiration: a systematic review. Pain. 2017;158(6):995-1006. and ineffective breathing may result in a decreased [[Pain-Modulation|pain]] threshold. Chronic pain and chronic hyperventilation often co-exist.Chaitow, L., Bradley, D. and Gilbert, C. Recognizing and Treating Breathing Disorders. Elsevier, 2014 This may be related to both the neuro-chemistry and the biomechanics of pain. Pain can cause an increase in respiratory rates generally. Moreover, patients with abdominal or pelvic pain often splint their abdominal muscles, which results in upper chest breathing and they will often experience muscle tension / tightness. However, individuals who breathe well, tend to present with greater flexibility.
