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- 您请求的操作仅限于组中的用户:===耳石===耳石由耳膜(水平)和耳蜗(垂直)组成。他们的工作是给我们关于线性加速度的信息Kniep R, Zahn D, Wulfes J, Walther LE。[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0175769人类的平衡感:耳蜗的结构特征及其对线性加速度的反应。]公共科学图书馆。2017年4月13日;12(4):e0175769。通过触发大脑的动作电位来检测头部位置。因为地球的引力场是一个线性加速度场,耳石记录倾斜。例如,当头部侧向倾斜(也称为滚动)时,对胞室施加剪切力,引起激振,而对囊的剪切力减小。当头部向前或向后倾斜(称为俯仰)时,也会发生类似的变化。耳石是嵌在耳石膜中的小碳酸钙晶体。头部倾斜和直线头部运动导致耳锥复合体位移,产生剪切力,使毛束偏转,随后使感觉毛细胞去极化。 These electrical signals are then relayed to the central nervous system (CNS) by the afferent vestibular nerve, which jointly with other proprioceptive information, stimulate the CNS to initiate neuronal responses for maintaining body balance. The correct formation and anchoring of otoconia is essential for optimal vestibular function and maintaining body balanceLundberg YW, Xu Y, Thiessen KD, Kramer KL. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4482761/ Mechanisms of otoconia and otolith development. Developmental Dynamics.] 2015 Mar;244(3):239-53.Hegemann SC, Bockisch CJ. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030698771930252X Otoconial loss or lack of otoconia–An overlooked or ignored diagnosis of balance deficits]. Medical hypotheses. 2019 Jul 1;128:17-20.. Otoconia abnormalities are common and can '''cause vertigo and imbalance in humans'''. Side Note: [[Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo:Continuing Professional Development Package|Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo]] (BPPV) is thought to be caused by dislodging of calcium carbonate crystals (otoconia) from the otolithic membrane in the utricle which migrates into one of the semi-circular canals of the inner ear. This dislodgment physically displaces hair cells on movement and creates persistent action potentials until the response is fatigued, generally within 30 to 60 seconds. '''Dizziness is a common symptom post [[assessment and management of concussion] and the health professional needs to be able to differentiate dizziness from vertigo. Vertigo is most often characterised with nystagmus and dizziness particularly with positional changes of the head.''' [[File:Otolith organ of vestibular system.jpg|center|thumb|383x383px|Otolith Organ of Vestibular System]] ''Figure 3: Otoconia embedded in the otolithic membrane'' In summary, the hair cells of the canals and otoliths convert the mechanical energy generated by head motion into neural discharges directed to specific areas of the brainstem and the cerebellum. With their special orientation, the SCC’s and otolithic organs can respond selectively to head motion in particular directions. It is important to remember that the otoliths and semi-circular canals have different fluid mechanics: SCC’s measure angular velocity whereas the otoliths measure linear acceleration.{{#ev:youtube|P3aYqxGesqs}}
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