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- 您请求的操作仅限于组中的用户:=====下运动神经元引起===== * " '特发性或''[[贝尔麻痹]]这是面瘫最常见的原因。其原因尚不清楚,[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12482166/贝尔麻痹症;2500例不同病因的周围面神经麻痹的自然病程[j]。Acta Oto-Laryngologica。Supplementum 2002; 549:4-30。王晓明,王晓明。[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28798513/贝尔氏麻痹的治疗]。“澳大利亚的处方”。2017;“40”(3):94 - 7。但它可能与单纯疱疹感染有关。Holland NJ, Weiner GM. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC516110/贝尔氏麻痹症的最新进展]。 BMJ. 2004;329(7465):553-7. * '''Tumour''' A tumour compressing the facial nerve can cause facial paralysis, but more commonly the facial nerve is damaged during [[Surgery and General Anaesthetic|surgical]] removal of a tumour. The most common tumour to cause facial palsy during surgical removal is the [[Acoustic Neuroma|acoustic neuroma]] (also known as vestibular schwannoma). Less common tumours to cause facial palsy (or the surgery to remove them) include cholesteatoma, hemangioma, [[Facial Schwannoma|facial schwannoma]] or parotid gland tumours. * '''Infection''' [[Ramsay Hunt Syndrome|Ramsay Hunt syndrome]] - caused by Herpes Zoster infection. This is a syndromic occurrence of facial paralysis, herpetiform vesicular eruptions, and vestibulocochlear dysfunction. Patients presenting with Ramsay Hunt syndrome are generally at increased increased risk of hearing loss than patients with Bell's palsy, and the course of disease is frequently more painful. There is also a lower recovery rate from facial palsy in Ramsay Hunt syndrome patientsHah YM, Kim SH, Jung J, Kim SS, Byun JY, Park MS et al. [https://khu.elsevierpure.com/en/publications/prognostic-value-of-the-blink-reflex-test-in-bells-palsy-and-rams-2 Prognostic value of the blink reflex test in Bell's palsy and Ramsay-Hunt syndrome]. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2018;45(5):966-70. Cai Z1, Li H, Wang X, Niu X, Ni P, Zhang W et al. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5266197/ Prognostic factors of Bell's palsy and Ramsay Hunt syndrome]. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(2):e5898. [[Lyme Disease|Lyme disease]] - caused by infection with Borrelia burgdorferi via tick bites. Around 10 percent of patients affected with lyme disease develop facial paralysis - 25 percent of these patients present with [[Bilateral_Facial_Palsy|bilateral facial palsy]]Clark JR, Carlson RD, Sasaki CT, Pachner AR, Steere AC. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4058212/ Facial paralysis in Lyme disease]. Laryngoscope. 1985;95(11):1341-5. * '''Iatrogenic facial nerve damage''' Occurs most commonly in [[Temporomandibular joint|temporomandibular]] joint replacement, mastoidectomy and parotidectomyHohman MH, Bhama PK, Hadlock TA. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23606475/ Epidemiology of iatrogenic facial nerve injury: a decade of experience]. Laryngoscope. 2014;124(1):260-5. * [[Facial Trauma|Trauma]] Especially [[Skull|temporal]] and mastoid bone [[Fracture|fractures]] * '''Congenital''' A very small number of babies are born with congenital dysfunction of the facial nerve. * '''Rare causes''' These include: * Neurosarcoidosis * Otitis media *[[Multiple Sclerosis (MS)|Multiple sclerosis]] *[[Moebius Syndrome|Moebius syndrome]] * Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome *[[Guillain-Barre Syndrome|Guillain-Barre syndrome]] * Millard-Gubler syndrome (AKA ventral pontine syndrome) ** An ipsilateral facial palsy with contralateral hemiplegia that involves the corticospinal tract and paralysis of lateral rectus on the ipsilateral side due to the involvement of the abducent nerve * Foville Syndrome (AKA inferior medial pontine syndrome) ** An ipsilateral facial palsy, contralateral hemiplegia with ipsilateral conjugate gaze effects * Eight-and-a-half syndrome ** Facial palsy with internuclear ophthalmoplegia and horizontal gaze palsy