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==== [[Anatomy of the Human Heart|Heart]] ==== Other organs and systems are influenced by the biomechanics of breath, including the heart. The heart is encased in, and moves with, the diaphragm, which influences heart tone.<ref name=":0" /> Similarly, when the diaphragm descends and ascends, the heart is, in essence, “micro-massaged”, which affects its baroreceptors.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Baekey DM, Molkov YI, Paton JF, Rybak IA, Dick TE. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3691868/pdf/nihms243871.pdf Effect of baroreceptor stimulation on the respiratory pattern: insights into respiratory-sympathetic interactions.] Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2010 Nov 30;174(1-2):135-45.</ref> Baroreceptors are a type of mechanoreceptor which enable information about [[Blood Pressure|blood pressure]] to be sent to the [[Autonomic Nervous System|autonomic nervous system]].<ref>Armstrong M, Kerndt CC, Moore RA. Physiology, Baroreceptors. [Updated 2022 Mar 9]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538172/</nowiki></ref> Heart rate variability (HRV) is also influenced by breathing.<ref>Kuppusamy M, Kamaldeen D, Pitani R, Amaldas J, Ramasamy P, Shanmugam P, Vijayakumar V. [https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S2213422020300068?token=6BA09C1AB2EB1A6F86E0D6715BF2733A563245EDDD4BB8A113349695AB4CA75FC35EA995285BC344F8BE3C5B669693B9&originRegion=eu-west-1&originCreation=20221022005558 Effects of yoga breathing practice on heart rate variability in healthy adolescents: a randomized controlled trial.] Integrative medicine research. 2020 Mar 1;9(1):28-32.</ref> HRV refers to the variation in time intervals between heartbeats.<ref name=":1">Steffen PR, Austin T, DeBarros A, Brown T. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5575449/pdf/fpubh-05-00222.pdf The Impact of Resonance Frequency Breathing on Measures of Heart Rate Variability, Blood Pressure, and Mood.] Front Public Health. 2017 Aug 25;5:222. </ref> HRV is an important indicator of health, as well as mood and our ability to adapt. A number of physiological systems influence heart rhythm. Higher HRV is generally a marker of good physiological functioning whereas lower HRV predicts morbidity and mortality. Low HRV is also more common in individuals who have [[depression]], anxiety, panic disorders, personality disorders, and chronic [[Stress and Health|stress]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>Cattaneo LA, Franquillo AC, Grecucci A, Beccia L, Caretti V, Dadomo H. [https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4426/11/9/872/htm Is Low Heart Rate Variability Associated with Emotional Dysregulation, Psychopathological Dimensions, and Prefrontal Dysfunctions? An Integrative View]. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2021 Aug 31;11(9):872.</ref>

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