Physiotherapy in Palliative Care: Difference between revisions

Introduction[edit|edit source]

Palliative care is a practice discipline, which involves progressive and life-limiting illnesses suchbrain metastasis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,motor neuron disease[MND], andmultiple sclerosis, each of which can benefit from the involvement of physiotherapy. Providing pain relief and management of distressing and debilitating symptoms, palliative care improves the quality of life (QoL) for patients with a life-limiting illness and their families.^[1][2]Helping integrate the psychological, social, and spiritual aspects of holistic care, palliative care manages patients’ symptoms and pain levels, providing relief from distress and ultimately, facilitating improved function.^[2][3]

All patients regardless of their diagnosis should be able to access palliative care appropriate to their current individual needs, to allow this to happen an integrated approach to palliative care is required.^[4]The rise in the number of elderly people, especially those who have little home support, makes palliative care even more vital. People dying fromstroke,dementia, or multi-system failure need to be guaranteed the same level of care as those that have a diagnosis of cancer.^[5]

Palliative care was initially seen as ‘terminal care’.^[4]Its scope has recently broadened and the concept of ‘rehabilitation’ in palliative care is becoming more widespread.^[6]Pain relief and the control of symptoms are employed where rehabilitation is not appropriate, depending on the stage of the illness.^[4]

Physiotherapy in Palliative Care: The Need for Learning and Development in This Area[edit|edit source]

Allied health and rehabilitation in palliative care are well established.^[7]Meeting patients’ physical, psychological, social, and spiritual needs, palliative care rehabilitation fits the adopted bio-psycho-social approach to health care, suggested by the World Health Organisation.^[8]Involving symptom management and treatment effect minimization in patients with progressive and irreversible illness,^[9]在卫生保健必须这个至关重要的服务utilized where appropriate, improving and maintaining patients’ and their families’ QoL. Physiotherapy aims to maximize movement and function when threatened by aging, injury, or disease, essential for optimal wellbeing.^[10]

Existing evidence, though in its preliminary stages, advocates the role of physiotherapists and rehabilitation in palliative care.^[7][11][9]Early referral to palliative care rehabilitation has been linked to higher-functioning patients,^[9]therefore appropriate referral to palliative care physiotherapy is critical for optimal and patient-centered care.

Despite the potential benefits of palliative care physiotherapy, evidence suggests a lack of palliative care patients receiving physiotherapy treatment.^[12]As a result, to the detriment of patients and the NHS (National Health Service UK), specialist palliative care teams may be failing to deliver patient-centered care, by failing to refer.^[12]Research suggests the reluctance of referral, by other allied health professions, due to the misconceived perception of the inappropriateness of terminally ill patients to rehabilitation.^[7]

在解决这一普遍的看法改变palliative care physiotherapy on a preliminary level, this self-study CPD (continuing professional development) package will demonstrate the vast capability and variability of rehabilitation in such a setting. With palliation, physiotherapy treatment aims to maintain QoL while alleviating stress from symptoms, in particular, pain, and effects from treatment. Palliative care physiotherapy has been found to positively influence QoL and perceived wellbeing in a range of palliative care populations, including cancer, HIV, neurological disorders, cardiopulmonary conditions, and mental illness.^[10]Palliative care physiotherapy specialists demonstrate extensive knowledge and vast experience working with life-limiting illnesses, with competency in responding to rapidly changing situations.^[9]A recent survey suggests training in end-of-life care settings was inconsistent across current UK undergraduate courses in medicine, adult nursing, occupational therapy, social work, including physiotherapy. Further research is needed to identify how to remove the barriers and improve the consistency of current training^[13].

In response to staggering research on palliative care rehabilitation perceptions and lacking numbers of referrals, this self-study package has been designed as an educational resource for all allied health professionals in the United Kingdom (UK). The package aims to void a trough in knowledge, and degree of uncertainty or misconception, surrounding the referral of appropriate palliative care patients, to physiotherapy. It is not exclusive to any one palliative care specialty area but can be adapted for a range of palliative care areas. While providing up-to-date factual information for allied health professionals, this package will endeavor to extend beyond the tangible requirements for referral to physiotherapy in palliative care. It will provide a sound explanation of necessary personal values and the importance of suitable communication skills,^[14]for interaction with patients and families in or being referred to palliative care.

Accessing Physiotherapy in Palliative Care[edit|edit source]

“特殊形而上学的质量声明和定义t Palliative Care’ provided by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) states, “Specialist Palliative Care encompasses hospice care as well as a range of other specialist advice, support, and a care such as that provided by hospital palliative care teams. Specialist palliative care should be available based on need and not diagnosis, offered in a timely way appropriate to their needs and preferences, at any time of day or night."^[15]

General palliative care is an integral part of the routine care delivered by all health and social care professionals to patients living with life-limiting illnesses, whether at home, in a care home, or hospital.^[16]

Specialist palliative care is based on general palliative care but can help patients with more complex palliative care needs. Specialist palliative care focuses on complex care needs. It is provided by a specially trained multi-disciplinary team (MDT) and can be accessed in any care setting.^[17]

Palliative Care Settings[edit|edit source]

Within Scotland, palliative care services are provided by the Scottish Partnership for Palliative Care (SPPC).^[17]This is the body representing the major organizations involved in palliative care in Scotland, including all 14 Health Boards, all 15 of Scotland’s voluntary hospices, 18 national health charities, 7 professional associations, and 1 local support organization. They aim to support the development and strategic direction of palliative care in Scotland and the promotion of service improvement at a local level.^[18]

Everyone facing a life-limiting illness will need some degree of supportive care in addition to treatment for their condition.^[17]Patients can receive palliative care physiotherapy at any time and at any stage of illness, whether it is terminal or not. It can be offered:

• In a hospice
• In the patient's home
• As a day patient in a hospice
• In a hospital
• In the community
  

Hospice[edit|edit source]

大多数姑息治疗在临终关怀(年代收到pecialist residential unit), run by an MDT comprising doctors, nurses, and therapists. They are smaller and quieter than hospitals and often feel more like home. Hospices can provide individual care more suited to the patient. Hospice care is palliative in nature, but the illness must have progressed to a point where curative treatment is no longer beneficial; the goal is no longer to cure but to promote comfort. Hospice care focuses on relieving symptoms and offering comfort from pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, nausea, anxiety, insomnia, and constipation.^[2]Here is a link toMarie Curie Hospicesacross the United Kingdom.

Care at Home[edit|edit source]

The patient can be cared for at home, by hospice staff. The patient’s general practitioner (GP) can arrange for community palliative care nurses, such as Macmillan nurses, to provide this level of care.^[2]

Day Patient[edit|edit source]

Patients can remain at home but visit a hospice during the day, allowing them to receive the care and support that they require without the distress often associated with leaving their home.^[2]

Hospital[edit|edit source]

Specialist palliative care teams are available in hospitals; such teams are called Macmillan Support Teams or Symptom Control Teams. Their role lies in providing education, training, and specialist advice on pain and symptom management to hospital staff with the ultimate aim of enhancing patient care. They also provide emotional support to the patients and families.^[2]An example of hospital palliative care in Scotland is theBeatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre.

Community[edit|edit source]

The community service provides specialist palliative care in the community, to avoid unplanned admission to the hospital for patients who have complex needs but prefer to care for at home.^[19]It is an area in which large growth is proposed for the future.

The rationale for Physiotherapy in Palliative Care[edit|edit source]

病人需要和我们作为一位理疗师的角色[edit|edit source]

The physiotherapist must consider the patient’s needs and wishes, along with their physical needs^[20]. Each individual will have different needs depending on how well they are handling their life-limiting illness. Robinson^[21]claimed that patients’ needs and priorities must be addressed for treatment to be successful. Patients may need education on how to cope and handle the situation as best they can to lessen the fear and anxiety they have surrounding their condition. Worry and anxiety are two common psychological aspects associated with life-limiting illnesses. The entire MDT, including the physiotherapist, may be involved in the control of some of these symptoms, through education, maybe even just empathy towards the patient. Often when diagnosed with such illnesses patients can suffer from depression. This can regularly result in the individual becoming bedbound and inactive.

The needs of a patient in palliative care often include:

• 尽可能保持独立/印度最大化pendence and daily function.
• To optimize and maintain quality of life (QoL)^[22]– determined by physical functioning and psychological symptoms^[23].
• Reduction/control of the consequences of the illness^[24].
• Coping mechanisms and self-management^[22]– to be in more control of their lives.
• To avoid secondary complications associated with life-limiting illnesses.
• Psychological support.^[9]

Communication[edit|edit source]

Effective communication is paramount for interaction with patients and families in or being referred to palliative care.^[14]Palliative care physiotherapy specialists demonstrate extensive knowledge and vast communication experience working with life-limiting illnesses, with competency in responding to rapidly changing situations.^[9]

Appropriate communication follows the bio-psychosocial model and is a core priority for palliative care services concerned with the psychological and emotional well-being of the patient; including issues of self-esteem, insight into and adaptation to the illness and its consequences, communication, social functioning and relationships.^[25]

In a study by McIlfatrick,^[4]the needs identified by patients and their caregivers in palliative care included social support and the provision of practical care, respite care, psychological support, and information and choice. Therefore, knowledge of the patient’s diagnosis and any associated past treatments or conditions, to be able to plan the best physiotherapy treatment.^[20]

Common symptoms and Physiotherapy Management[edit|edit source]

In patients with life-limiting illnesses, symptom control and maintenance of function become crucial aspects of treatment.^[26]Palliative care aims to improve the QoL in patients faced with life-limiting illnesses. There is a role to be played in pain management and the ref of other distressing symptoms, Figure 3.1.

Figure 3.1Common symptoms experienced by palliative care patients and physiotherapy treatment of these symptoms.

Physiotherapists primarily address the physical components of rehabilitation. With life-limiting illnesses, cancer, for example, there is also a psychological aspect, which we as physiotherapists may need to also address. The whole needs of the individual must be addressed.^[22]There are many forms of treatment that physiotherapists can employ in the management of patients in palliative care. The decision as to what option best suits each patient is quite personal and depends on the stage of the disease process and goals set. Goals are largely dependent on the stage the patient is at. Life prolongation can be a goal in the early stage of illness but as the illness progresses the goal can shift to optimizing QoL as opposed to prolonging it.^[20]Different treatments are suitable for the various phases of illnesses. These different forms of treatment provided by physiotherapists and their suitable phases are displayed in Table 3.1 below.

Table 3.1Physiotherapy treatment and suitable phase during palliation.^[20]

• Pain relief – TENS, heat, massage, lymphedema treatment, and acupuncture are common forms of pain relief.^[22][9]Pain relief is often employed where rehabilitation is not appropriate.^[9]
• Passive movements – These are often used, in-bound patients.^[26]
• Physical exercise – This may positively affect depression and is currently emerging as a major aspect of the treatment of patients in palliative care.^[27][28]
• Soft tissue massage and/or therapeutic massage are used to relieve muscle tension and can often aid in easing the symptoms of anxiety.

Physiotherapist's Role in Family and Carer Education[edit|edit source]

家庭/看护provi参与是有益的des an opportunity for education on the delivery of treatments when the physiotherapist is absent. It enables the family/carer to assist in treatments such as transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) to reduce pain. They can also be educated in methods to assist patient during transfers.^[20]Inclusion of the family and/or carer into physiotherapy interventions will help to motivate the patient to participate in therapy and the patient may find it more comforting and enjoyable as a familiar face will be involved.^[29]A range of inter-connected benefits are associated with family and/or carer involvement in physiotherapy treatment, see Figure 3.2.

Physiotherapists have a role in providing advice or education to patient and family/carers, enabling them to adjust and adapt to the consequences of the illness.^[22][20]Adequate education and counselling to patients and their families is an integral part of palliative care rehabilitation.^[3]

Figure 3.2Benefits of family and/or carer involvement in physiotherapy treatment.

Physiotherapy Goals[edit|edit source]

The primary goal of physiotherapy in palliative care is to achieve the best possible QoL for both the patient and their families.

Other common goals of physiotherapy in the treatment of a cancer patient in palliative care are:

1. Minimize symptoms
2. Optimize functioning ability^[30]
3. Maintain or regain physical independence^[30]
4. Preserve the patients autonomy^[20]

As stated previously goals and treatment are highly dependent on the stage of the disease. For example, the focus and goal of ‘traditional’ cancer rehabilitation are different from those of a terminally ill patient where there is a focus on maintaining a balance between optimal functioning levels and comfort.^[26]

Physical Activity and Exercise[edit|edit source]

Fatigue and the reduction in physical functioning in life-limiting illnesses are significant factors in the reduced QoL often seen in these patient groups.^[28]Rehabilitation in palliative care is gaining more and more attention in the literature today. However, it can be difficult to predict which patients will benefit from this ‘rehabilitation’ and how long these benefits will be sustained.^[30]

In cancer patients, physical activity has been shown to address a decline in physical functioning and cancer-related fatigue (CRF). Most studies to date have researched physical activity and palliative care in the early phases of illnesses such as cancer. Limited studies have focused on the ‘end-of-life’ phase.^[28]A review of the current literature by Lowe et al.^[28]examined physical activity as a supportive care intervention in palliative cancer patients. Encouraging results have been found regarding physical activity interventions and palliative care and the ability of patients to tolerate this physical activity.

There is however, a need for more feasible studies to be produced to further advance this emerging research in palliative care. Further definition is required as to what patients are able and willing to participate in physical activity and those who are not.^[28]Assessment of the needs, interests, and preferences of patients before developing physical activity interventions is of major importance.

The Macmillan Cancer Support's 'Move More'campaign promotes physical activity for palliative care patients during and after treatment. Further evidence supporting the benefits of exercise for patients, can beviewed here. 'Move More' projects have been rolled out across the UK, including theUniversity of Dundee'sinitiative to encourage cancer survivors to boost physical and mental well-being. Palliative care patients can be referred to exercise classes. Here is an example of a referral formreferral formfor 'Move More' Dundee, uploaded with the permission of Macmillan Specialist Physiotherapist, Mandy Trickett.

In table 3.2 below, patient comments have been recorded, detailing their feelings about physiotherapy treatment received while in Macmillan Day Care Unit:

Table 3.2Patient touch-points and their feelings about physiotherapy at the Macmillan Day Care Unit.

Referrals to Physiotherapy in Palliative Care[edit|edit source]

Current referrals to palliative care physiotherapy are made largely by nursing staff, with referrals commonly increased by the presence of a physiotherapist.^[9]Existing negative beliefs about rehabilitation in palliative care, amongst nursing staff, persist as definite barriers against referral to physiotherapy.^[11]Professional and public attitudes about physical therapy goals are also reported to limit referral to physiotherapy in palliative care.^[31]With increasing evidence base advocating referral to rehabilitation services in palliative care, there is a clear need for relevant educational tools, and, an exploration of these negative beliefs.^[11][9]The infrequency of physiotherapy existing as a core part of the specialist palliative care teams in the UK is of great concern.^[32]

Referral Process[edit|edit source]

Referral pathways need to be viewed as a continuum and considered from the point of view of the person, not the condition. They need to be well ‘signposted’ so that they are easy to navigate for patients, families, and staff.^[33]Good quality pathways ensure a timely, smooth and coordinated journey across the whole system and a better experience for all. They support care that is safer, more efficient and effective making it easier for us to do the right thing.^[33]Early referral to physiotherapy is advisable to ensure early implementation of rehabilitation goals, especially those that are preventative or restorative.^[34]Referral can be made for a patient who has any life limiting illness and is in or is entering the palliative phase of their illness if they have:

• Complex end of life care needs
• Uncontrolled pain or other symptoms
• Complex physical, psychological, spiritual, or family needs that cannot be met by the staff in that care setting.^[35]
  

The Palliative Care Guidelines Pocket Edition 2010^[35]for NHS Lothian, Scotland, can be downloaded here. You can also view theSpecialist Palliative Care Referral Form^[36]for NHS Lothian, Scotland, here for your reference.

Physiotherapy objectives within each of the palliative care settings differ depending on what stage the patient is at. Some may be actively dying; the physiotherapy input here is based on positioning and respiratory care. Longer-term patients’ physiotherapy looks at maximizing quality of life and maintaining mobility and independence.^[34]

是不可能预测的时间尺度ividual prognosis accurately so evidence-informed clinical reasoning is used to identify people who may benefit from supportive and palliative care. Clinical indicators can help identify patients who are candidates for assessment to see if they have unmet needs (Supportive and Palliative Care Indicators Tool- SPICT).^[37]病人可以出院的累积量pice once they no longer require palliative care but can return at any time if their condition changes.^[19]

The pattern of referral to palliative care has altered over the past 10 years. Initially, hospice outreach was chiefly to the community, and as such most referrals arose from GPs. This pattern has changed; acute trust referrals now exceed GP referrals. This trend is likely to continue both for in-patient care and home support after hospital discharge.^[38]However, patients must be referred to a hospice through their GP, hospital doctor or district nurse.^[39]

There appears to be a lack of consensus within the available literature regarding standardized referral processes for palliative care physiotherapy. There are some settings within Scotland and the UK that provide the level of care which ensures high QoL for patients right up until the terminal stage of the disease process. However, this feeling of hope that coincides with control over disease manifestations is not apparent for all patients, and even more, concerning is in some instances the level of care available is a case of a postcode lottery.

从长期的转变条件management to palliative care and end of life are poorly defined and recognized. There is a risk that patients may not receive appropriate care.

• Continuity of palliative care over 24 hours needs to improve
• Quality of care is variable

Future Direction for Physiotherapy in Palliative Care[edit|edit source]

The future direction of palliative care is set to extend to accommodate the changing demographics of the population. With more elderly patients, the burden of existing co-morbid conditions will increase, therefore rehabilitation will require to be more invasive and last longer. In conjunction with this, the length of in-patient or home care attachment may increase. This will put an extra burden on a setting that is currently low on resources. In addition to the decreasing morbidity associated with cancer, it is expected that fewer patients will die from cancer but more patients will be involved with palliative care for other conditions.^[38]

References[edit|edit source]

Role of Physical Therapy Intervention in Patients With Life-Threatening Illnesses.