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- 您请求的操作仅限于组中的用户:===定义/描述===脊髓损伤定义为[[脊髓解剖|脊髓]]或椎管末端神经的外伤性损伤。这影响了感觉和运动信号在病变部位的传导。
有两种类型:不完全损伤和完全损伤。Frederick M Maynard et al.,《脊髓损伤的神经学和功能分类国际标准》,美国脊髓损伤协会,1996 *不完全性损伤:并非所有神经均被切断或神经仅轻微受损。恢复是可能的,但绝不可能恢复到受伤前的水平。*完全性损伤:神经被切断,该点无运动或感觉功能保留。====临床相关解剖学====脊髓是大脑和身体之间传递运动和感觉信息的主要通道。脊髓包含纵向定向的脊髓束(白质)围绕着大多数脊髓神经元细胞体所在的中心区域(灰质)。灰质由感觉神经元和运动神经元组成。脊髓感觉神经元轴突经节段神经或脊髓根进入脊髓,运动神经元轴突经节段神经或脊髓根离开脊髓。 The roots are numbered and named according to the foramina through which they enter/exit the vertebral column. Each root receives sensory information from skin areas called [[dermatomes]]. Similarly, each root innervates a group of muscles called a [[Myotomes|myotome]].
The spinal column is divided into four regions: Cervical (7 vertebrae), thoracic (12 vertebrae), lumbar (5 vertebrae), and sacral (5 vertebrae). Francisco de Assis Aquino Gondim et al., Topographic and Functional Anatomy of the Spinal Cord, Medshape, 2015 ===== Epidemiology/Etiology ===== A recent systematic review found the prevalence of Spinal Cord Injury to be dependent on the region the studies were conducted in, ranging from 906 per million in the USA up to 250 per million in Rhone-Alpes, France. Annual incidence rates also varied significantly between regions, ranging from 49.1 per million in New Zealand to 8.0 per million in Spain. Singh, A. et al. “Global prevalence and incidence of traumatic spinal cord injury”, Clin. Epidemiol. 2014; 6: 309-331 A further review found similar results with prevalence ranging from 1298 per million to 50 per million and incidence ranging from 246 per million to 3.3 per million. These results indicate that the incidence, prevalence, and causation of Spinal Cord Injury can differ significantly between developing and developed countries (high in developed countries). Strong inconsistencies in data were noted when analyzed between countries but the most frequent causes of Spinal Cord Injury reported are, in order; Furlan, J.C. et al. “Global incidence and prevalence of traumatic spinal cord injury.” Can J Neurol Sci. 2013 Jul;40(4):456-64 * Motor Vehicle Accidents * [[Falls]] * [[Sport Injury Classification|Sport Injuries]] * Violence * Self-harm * Work-related Accidents. Data from the National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center (USA) 2010 - 2014 provided the following statistics for etiology (illustration). Other interesting statistics from this report include: * Males account for 80% of new cases * The average age at injury has gone up from 29 years old (1970) to 42 years old currently. * Only about 12% of patients are employed 1 year after trauma, rising to 34.4% 20 years post-injury * Life expectancy decreases for all individuals with Spinal Cord Injury, compared to those without a spinal cord injury.