Gluteus Maximus: Difference between revisions

Jump to:navigation,search
No edit summary
No edit summary
Line 6: Line 6:


== Description ==
== Description ==
[[File:Gluteus maximus.png|thumb|Gluteus Maximus|right|308x308px]]
[[File:Gluteus maximus.png|thumb|Gluteus Maximus|right|314x314px]]


Thelargest of all gluteal muscles that is located at the posterior aspect of hip joint. Its size allowsitto generate a large amount of force. Themuscleevolved from an adductor ofthe hipwhich is still seen in lower primates today. The developmentof themuscle's function is associated with the erect posture and changes to the pelvis. It now functions to maintain the erect posture as one of the muscles that extends the hip joint.<br>
It`s thelargestand heaviest muscle in the body,It`s the most superficialofall gluteal muscles that is located at the posterior aspect of hip joint it`s not only that it`s also the largestmuscleatthe hiprepresenting 16%of thetotal cross sectional area (TCSA).<ref name=":0">CLINICAL ORIENTED MOORE >A literature review of studies evaluating gluteus


The fibres of Glutealmaximusare largely perpendicular to each otherandline up in the direction of pull giving it it's quadrilateral shape and course appearance. There are two layers to the muscle which pass down to the insertional attachment.Palastanga N, Soames R. Anatomy and Human Movement: Structure and Function. 6th ed. London, United Kingdom: Churchill Livingstone; 2012.
maximus andgluteus medius activation during


=== Origin ===
rehabilitation exercises


'''Gluteal surfaceofillium '''behindtheposterior gluteal line, '''posterior borderof theillium''',and theadjacent partof the'''iliac crest'''
Its size allows it to generate a large amount of force. The muscle evolved from an adductorof thehip which is still seen in lower primates today. The developmentof themuscle's function is associated with the erect postureandchanges tothepelvis. It now functions to maintain the erect posture as oneof themuscles that extends the hip joint.


Additionally,thesideofthe '''coccyx''' andposterior aspect ofthe'''sacrum'''.
The fibres of Gluteal maximus are largely perpendicular to each other and line up inthedirectionofpull giving it it's quadrilateral shapeandcourse appearance. There are two layers to the muscle which pass down totheinsertional attachment.Palastanga N, Soames R. Anatomy and Human Movement: Structure and Function. 6th ed. London, United Kingdom: Churchill Livingstone; 2012.


Fibres also attach totheupper sacrotuberous ligament and aponeurosisof thesacrospinalis.
'''N.B''' Glutes maximus covers all of the gluteal muscles except for the antero_superior third oftheGlutes medius. this uncovered partofglutes medius isthe安全是我们应用臀背gluteal intramuscular injection.


=== Insertion ===
'''N.B''' The ischial tuberosity can be felt deep to the lower part of the Glutes Maximus , When the thigh is flexed the lower border of Glutes Maximus moves superiorly , exposing the ischial tuberosit subcutaneously .Therefore you don`t sit on your Glutes Maximus muscle but you sit on the ishial tuberosity , ischial bursae , subcutaneous fat and skin.=":0" />


Three-quartersof thefibres form a separate superficial lamnina which narrowsandattaches betweenthetwo layersof the[[Tensor Fascia Lata|tensor facscia lata]], thereby helping to formthe'''iliotibial tract'''.
== Origin ==
* Posterior gluteal lineof theiliumandportiom ofthebone superior and posterior to it .manual muscle test
* Posterior surfaceof thelower part of sacrum .
* Side ofthecoccyx .
* Aponeurosis of erector spinae .
* Sacrotuberous ligaemnt .
* Gluteal aponeurosis.


The deeper fibres form an aponeurosis which attaches to the '''gluteal tuberosity''' of the femur.
=== Insertion ===
* The lager '''proximal portion of the muscle''' and the superficial fibers of '''distal portion of the muscle''' ,Which forms a Three-quarters of the fibres inserts into the Iliotibial tract and indirectly by the lateral intermuscular septum into linea aspera of femur .
*The deeper fibresof '''the distal portion of the muscle'''form an aponeurosis which attaches to the '''gluteal tuberosity''' of the femur.


=== Nerve supply ===
=== Nerve supply ===
Line 31: Line 41:


== Function ==
== Function ==
*Gluteus maximus acts to extend and laterally rotate the [[Hip Anatomy|hip joint]]. Futhermore, upper fibres can abduct the hip whereas the lower fibres can adduct. 
Gluteus maximus acts to extend and laterally rotate the [[Hip Anatomy|hip joint]]. Futhermore, upper fibres can abduct the hip whereas the lower fibres can adduct. 
*As a powerful extensor of the hip joint, the gluteus maximus suited to powerful lower limb movements such as stepping onto a step, climbing or running but is not used greatly during normal walking. Gluteus maximus and the hamstrings work together to extend the trunk from a flexed position by pulling thepelvisbackwards, for example standing up from a bent forward position. Eccentric control is also provided when bending forward. Superiorfibersof the gluteus maximus can extend the knee through its attachment totheIliotibialtract.
*Gluteus maximus has several stability roles: balancing the pelvis on femoral heads thus maintaining upright posture, the attachment throught the iliotibial tract supports the lateral knee, and lateral rotation of femur when standing assists raising the medial longitudinal arch of the foot.
As a powerful extensor of the hip joint, the gluteus maximus suited to powerful lower limb movements such as stepping onto a step, climbing or running but is not used greatly during normal walking. Gluteus maximus and the hamstrings work together to extend the trunk from a flexed position by pulling thepevisbackwards, for example standing up from a bent forward position. Eccentric control is also provided when bending forward. Superiorfibresof the gluteus maximus can extend the knee through its attachment tothe iliotibialtract.
*臀大肌的作品将坐骨块茎osities when supporting body weight in sitting by a static of dynamic contraction.
*If the gluteus maximus is paralysed climbing stairs and running will become very difficult however, other muscles can extend the hip. Gluteus maximus can be trained to produce functional knee extension when quadriceps femoris is weak or paralysed.
Gluteus maximus has several stability roles: balancing the pelvis on femoral heads thus maintaining upright posture, the attachment throught the iliotibial tract supports the lateral knee, and lateral rotation of femur when standing assists raising the medial longitudinal arch of the foot.
*Research has indicated that contraction of the deep abdominal muscles may assist with the contraction of gluteus maximus to assist with the control of anterior pelvic rotation.Kim TW, Kim YW.Effects of abdominal drawing-in during prone hip extension on the muscle activities of the hamstring, gluteus maximus, and lumbar erector spinae in subjects with lumbar hyperlordosis; J Phys Ther Sci. 2015 Feb;27(2):383-6 Gluteal muscle weakness has been proposed to be associated with a number of lower limb injuries.Distefano LJ, Blackburn JT, Marshall SW, Padua DAGluteal muscle activation during common therapeutic exercises; J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2009 Jul;39(7):532-40
臀大肌的作品将坐骨块茎osities when supporting body weight in sitting by a static of dynamic contraction.
If the gluteus maximus is paralysed climbing stairs and running will become very difficult however, other muscles can extend the hip. Gluteus maximus can be trained to produce functional knee extension when quadriceps femoris is weak or paralysed.
Research has indicated that contraction of the deep abdominal muscles may assist with the contraction of gluteus maximus to assist with the control of anterior pelvic rotation.Kim TW, Kim YW.Effects of abdominal drawing-in during prone hip extension on the muscle activities of the hamstring, gluteus maximus, and lumbar erector spinae in subjects with lumbar hyperlordosis; J Phys Ther Sci. 2015 Feb;27(2):383-6 Gluteal muscle weakness has been proposed to be associated with a number of lower limb injuries.Distefano LJ, Blackburn JT, Marshall SW, Padua DAGluteal muscle activation during common therapeutic exercises; J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2009 Jul;39(7):532-40


== Anatomy Overview ==
== Anatomy Overview ==
Line 82: Line 86:
| {{#ev:youtube|WHDdm0Yxh-o|400}}
| {{#ev:youtube|WHDdm0Yxh-o|400}}
|}
|}


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 94: Line 97:


[[Category:Anatomy]] [[Category:Muscles]] [[Category:Hip Anatomy]]
[[Category:Anatomy]]
[[Category:Muscles]]
[[Category:Hip Anatomy]]
[[Category:Musculoskeletal/Orthopaedics]]
[[Category:Musculoskeletal/Orthopaedics]]
[[Category:Hip]]
[[Category:Hip]]

Revision as of 21:34, 20 February 2019

起源al Editor-Joanne Garvey

Top Contributors-George Prudden,Joanne Garvey,Kim Jackson,Ahmed Nasr,Lucinda hampton,Admin,Rachael Lowe,Joao Costa,Khloud Shreif,Richard Benes,Wendy Walker,Evan Thomas,WikiSysop,Sai KripaandKai A. Sigel

Description[edit|edit source]

Gluteus Maximus

It`s the largest and heaviest muscle in the body,It`s the most superficial of all gluteal muscles that is located at the posterior aspect of hip joint it`s not only that it`s also the largest muscle at the hip representing 16% of the total cross sectional area (TCSA).[1][2]

Its size allows it to generate a large amount of force. The muscle evolved from an adductor of the hip which is still seen in lower primates today. The development of the muscle's function is associated with the erect posture and changes to the pelvis. It now functions to maintain the erect posture as one of the muscles that extends the hip joint.

The fibres of Gluteal maximus are largely perpendicular to each other and line up in the direction of pull giving it it's quadrilateral shape and course appearance. There are two layers to the muscle which pass down to the insertional attachment.[3]

N.BGlutes maximus covers all of the gluteal muscles except for the antero_superior third of the Glutes medius. this uncovered part of glutes medius is the safe are at which we apply buttocks dorso gluteal intramuscular injection .

N.BThe ischial tuberosity can be felt deep to the lower part of the Glutes Maximus , When the thigh is flexed the lower border of Glutes Maximus moves superiorly , exposing the ischial tuberosit subcutaneously .Therefore you don`t sit on your Glutes Maximus muscle but you sit on the ishial tuberosity , ischial bursae , subcutaneous fat and skin.[1]

起源[edit|edit source]

  • Posterior gluteal line of the ilium and portiom of the bone superior and posterior to it .[4]
  • Posterior surface of the lower part of sacrum .[4]
  • Side of the coccyx .[4]
  • Aponeurosis of erector spinae .[4]
  • Sacrotuberous ligaemnt .[4]
  • Gluteal aponeurosis .[4]

Insertion[edit|edit source]

  • The lagerproximal portion of the muscleand the superficial fibers ofdistal portion of the muscle,Which forms a Three-quarters of the fibres inserts into the Iliotibial tract and indirectly by the lateral intermuscular septum into linea aspera of femur .[1]
  • The deeper fibres ofthe distal portion of the muscleform an aponeurosis which attaches to thegluteal tuberosityof the femur.[3]

Nerve supply[edit|edit source]

The gluteus maximus is supplied by the inferior gluteal nerve (root L5, S1 and S2). Cutaneous supply is mainly provided by L2 and 3.[3]

Function[edit|edit source]

  • Gluteus maximus acts to extend and laterally rotate thehip joint. Futhermore, upper fibres can abduct the hip whereas the lower fibres can adduct.
  • As a powerful extensor of the hip joint, the gluteus maximus suited to powerful lower limb movements such as stepping onto a step, climbing or running but is not used greatly during normal walking. Gluteus maximus and the hamstrings work together to extend the trunk from a flexed position by pulling the pelvis backwards, for example standing up from a bent forward position. Eccentric control is also provided when bending forward. Superior fibers of the gluteus maximus can extend the knee through its attachment to theIliotibial tract.
  • Gluteus maximus has several stability roles: balancing the pelvis on femoral heads thus maintaining upright posture, the attachment throught the iliotibial tract supports the lateral knee, and lateral rotation of femur when standing assists raising the medial longitudinal arch of the foot.
  • 臀大肌的作品将坐骨块茎osities when supporting body weight in sitting by a static of dynamic contraction.
  • If the gluteus maximus is paralysed climbing stairs and running will become very difficult however, other muscles can extend the hip. Gluteus maximus can be trained to produce functional knee extension when quadriceps femoris is weak or paralysed.[3]
  • Research has indicated that contraction of the deep abdominal muscles may assist with the contraction of gluteus maximus to assist with the control of anterior pelvic rotation.[5]Gluteal muscle weakness has been proposed to be associated with a number of lower limb injuries.[6]

Anatomy Overview[edit|edit source]

Assessment[edit|edit source]

Palpation[edit|edit source]

Locate the iliac crest then move posterior along the crest to a small bony process called the posterior superior illac spine (PSIS). Place the palm of your hand with fingers pointing down and towards the midline of the body. The upper hand now covers the origin attachments and under the palm is the bulk of gluteus maximus.

Contraction of the muscle can confirm this. Gluteus maximus can be palpated whilst it acts during standing hip extension, a step-up, or whilst standing raise the medial borders of the foot.[3]

Power[edit|edit source]

Length[edit|edit source]


Treatment[edit|edit source]

Effective exercise to specifically target the gluteus maximus muscle includes the single leg squat and the singe leg prone dead lift. These exercises elicited the most significant activity in electromyography (EMG) when tested against other forms of exercise.[6]

Resources[edit|edit source]

See also[edit|edit source]

References[edit|edit source]

  1. ↑1.01.11.2CLINICAL ORIENTED MOORE
  2. ↑A literature review of studies evaluating gluteus maximus and gluteus medius activation during rehabilitation exercises
  3. ↑3.03.13.23.33.4Palastanga N, Soames R. Anatomy and Human Movement: Structure and Function. 6th ed. London, United Kingdom: Churchill Livingstone; 2012.
  4. ↑4.04.14.24.34.44.5manual muscle test
  5. ↑Kim TW, Kim YW.Effects of abdominal drawing-in during prone hip extension on the muscle activities of the hamstring, gluteus maximus, and lumbar erector spinae in subjects with lumbar hyperlordosis; J Phys Ther Sci. 2015 Feb;27(2):383-6
  6. ↑6.06.1Distefano LJ, Blackburn JT, Marshall SW, Padua DAGluteal muscle activation during common therapeutic exercises; J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2009 Jul;39(7):532-40
Retrieved from "http:///index.php?title=Gluteus_Maximus&oldid=205919"