Ageing Effects on Motor Control
Original Editor- Wendy Walker
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Summary[edit|edit source]
- Abnormal tone
- Paresis
- Ataxia
- Hypokineisa
- Fractionated movement deficits
Sensory system:
- Perceptual deficits
- Somatosensory deficits
Motor System Impairments[edit|edit source]
Abnormal tone[edit|edit source]
Muscle tone = the resistance of mscle to passive elongation or stretch.
Hypertonicity[edit|edit source]
Hypertonicity, increased muscle tone, occurs as a result of loss of supraspinal inhibition to the spinal cord and is usually caused by damage to either the corticospinal tract or to the parietal lobe (from where 40% of the fibres of the corticospinal tract originate[2]).
Spasticity= velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement, common inStroke
Rigidity = non-velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement, common in later stages ofParkinsons
Hypotonicity[edit|edit source]
Hypotonicity, ie. reduced muscle tone, is defined as a decreased resistance to passive movement, and reduced or absent stretch reflex response.
It occurs as a result of decreased or absent neural drive to the muscles[3], and is seen in a number of conditions affecting elderly people including degenerativeneuromuscular diseasesand the early stages of stroke, in addition to peripheral nerve damage.
Paresis[edit|edit source]
This is the single most common motor impairment; it is defined as the reduced ability to voluntarily activate the spinal motorneurons. It occurs primarily as a result of damage to the corticospinal system (ie. the motor cortical areas, the corticospinal tract and the spinal cord.
Paresis occurs in a wide range of neurological disorders common in the older population, including stroke, multiple sclerosis and peripheral neuropathy.
Ataxia[edit|edit source]
This is a lack of coordination between movements and/or body parts, and occurs as a result of damage to the cerebellar inputs, outputs, and/or cerebellar structures.
Conditions which can cause ataxia includestroke,multiple sclerosisand spinocerebellar atrophies.
Hypokinesia[edit|edit source]
This is primarily associated withParkinsonsand sometimes with dementia, and is characterised by slow movement (bradykinesia) or absence of movement (akinesia) and is usually caused by damage to the basal ganglia. Typically, people with hypokinesia struggle with the onset of movement, and can freeze during movement[4].
Fractionated movement deficits[edit|edit source]
Sensory Impairments[edit|edit source]
Conditions which cause motor impairments frequently also cause sensory impairments.
- Somatosensory loss: this can have either a central or peripheral nervous system origin. The main effect on motor control is a reduction in the accuracy of the ongoing monitoring of movement. In many people with somatosensory loss, there is increased reliance on the visual system to plan and monitor movements.
- Perceptual deficits: eg. "pusher syndrome" where a person who has had a stroke or brain injury pushes with the unaffected limbs toward the affected side[5].
Recent Related Research (fromPubmed)[edit|edit source]
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References[edit|edit source]
References will automatically be added here, seeadding references tutorial.
- ↑Shumway-Cook A, Woolacott MH: Motor control: translating research into clinical practice, ed 3, Philadelphia, PA, 2007, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
- ↑Porter R, Lemon RN: Corticospinal function and voluntary movement, Vol. 45, Oxford, UK, 1993, Oxford University Press
- ↑Fredericks CM, Saladin LK: Clinical presentations in disorders of motor function. In Fredericks CM, Saladin LK, editors: Pathophysiology of the motor systems: principles and clinical presentations, Philadelphia, PA, 1996, FA Davis.
- ↑Morris ME, Iansek R, Galna B: Gait festination and freezing in Parkinson’s disease: pathogenesis and rehabilitation. Mov Disord 23 (Suppl 2):S451-S460, 2008
- ↑Karnath HO, Broetz D: Understanding and treating “pusher syndrome.” Phys Ther 83(12):1119-1125, 2003