10 Metre Walk Test

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Objective[edit|edit source]

The10 Metre Walk Testis a performance measure used to assess walking speed in metres per second over a short distance. It can be

Blender3D NormalWalkCycle.gif

employed to determine functional mobility, gait, and vestibular function.



Intended Population[edit|edit source]

Preschool children (2-5 years), children (6-12 years), adolescents (13-17 years), adults (18-64 years), elderly adults (65+) with a range of diagnoses including:

Method of Use[edit|edit source]

Equipment Required

[1]
  • Stopwatch
  • A clear pathway with set distance (6, 8, 10 metres in length depending on distance tested)

Set UpMeasure and mark a 10-metre walkway

  • Add a mark at 2-metres
  • Add a mark at 8-metres

Instructions

  • The individual walks without assistance for 10 metres, with the time measured for the intermediate 6 metres to allow for acceleration and deceleration
  • Assistive devices may be used, but must be kept consistent and documented for each test
  • Start timing when the toes pass the 2 metre mark
  • Stop timing when the toes pass the 8 metre mark
  • Can be tested at either preferred walking speed or maximum walking speed (ensure to document which was tested)
  • Perform three trials and calculate the average of three trials

Patient Instructions

  • Normal comfortable speed: “I will say ready, set, go. When I say go, walk at your normal comfortable speed until I say stop”
  • Maximum speed trials: “I will say ready, set, go. When I say go, walk as fast as you safely can until I say stop”

Evidence[edit|edit source]

Reliability[edit|edit source]

The 10 metre walk test has demonstrated excellent reliability in many conditions including health adults, children with neuromuscular disease, Parkinson's, hip fracture, SCI, Strike and TBI:

Test-Retest Reliability[edit|edit source]

儿童神经肌肉疾病:(n = 29; mean age = 11.5 (3.5) years (6-16), Children with Neuromuscular Disease)

  • Excellent test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.91)[2]

Healthy Adults:

  • Excellent test-retest reliability for comfortable gait speed (r = 0.75 - 0.90)[3]
  • Excellent test-retest reliability for comfortable and fastest gait speeds (ICC = 0.93 - 0.91)[4]

Hip Fracture:

  • Excellent test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.823 with 95% CI = 0.565 to 0.934)[5]

Parkinson’s Disease or Parkinsonism:

  • Excellent test-retest reliability for comfortable gait speed (ICC = 0.96)
  • Excellent test-retest reliability for maximum gait speed (ICC = 0.97)[6]

SCI:

  • Excellent test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.97)[7]
  • Excellent test-retest reliability (r = 0.983)[8]

Stroke:(n = 25; mean age = 72 years; stroke onset = 2 to 6 years, Chronic Stroke)
Test-retest assessed three times within a single session:

  • Excellent test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.95 to 0.99)[9]
  • Excellent reliability for comfortable (ICC = 0.94) and fast (ICC = 0.97) gait speeds[10]

TBI:

  • Excellent between day reliability at comfortable (ICC = 0.95) and fast speeds (ICC = 0.96)[11]
  • Excellent test-retest reliability (r = 0.97 - 0.99)[3]

Interrater/Intrarater Reliability[edit|edit source]

Healthy Adults:(n = 28 healthy adults; mean age = 56.43 (+/- 13.82) years)

  • Excellent interrater reliability (ICC = 0.980)[12]

SCI:

  • Excellent intrarater reliability (r = 0.983, p < 0.001)
  • Excellent interrater reliability (r = 0.974, p < 0.001)
  • Bland-Altman plots indicate reliability as being excellent when completed in under 40 seconds, but reliability decreases with marginal walkers requiring > 40 seconds to complete[13]
  • Scivoletto et al 2011 (n = 37; median age = 58.5 (range 19 - 77) years; median time from onset = 24 (range 6 - 109) months; AIS D = 35, C = 2; Median WISCI = 16) utilized 2 methods in chronic SCI (measured 10 m with a static start and measured middle 10 m of 14 m walkway to include acceleration and deceleration), both showing:
    • Excellent interrater reliability (ICC > 0.95)
    • Excellent intrarater reliability (ICC > 0.98)[14]

Stroke:(Wolf et al, 1999; n = 28 with history of stroke; mean age = 56.04 (12.80) years; mean time since lesion = 13.59 (12.30) months, Chronic Stroke)

  • Excellent intrarater reliability; ICC = 0.87 to 0.88[9]
  • Excellent interrater reliability; (ICC = 0.998)[12]

TBI:(泰森&康奈尔,2009;17、复审es; n = 12 mobile TBI patients, TBI)

  • Excellent interrater reliability (ICC = 0.99)[15]

Validity[edit|edit source]

Criterion Validity[edit|edit source]

Multiple Sclerosis:(Paltamaa et al, 2007; n = 120; mean age = 45.0 (10.8) years; mean duration since symptom onset 12.3 (8.8) years, MS)
Predictive Validity[16]:

  • 优秀的软木relation with dependence in self-care (r = 0.60 - 0.87) at comfortable speed
  • Adequate to Excellent correlation with dependence in mobility (r = 0.34 - 0.74) at comfortable speed
  • Adequate to excellent correlation with dependence in domestic life (r = 0.34 - 0.81) at comfortable speed

Stroke:(泰森&康奈尔,2009;n = 40, review article of 17 measures, Stroke)

Predictive Validity[15]:

  • 优秀的软木relation with dependence in instrumental activities of daily living (r = 0.76)
  • 优秀的软木relation with Barthel Index (r = 0.78

Construct Validity[edit|edit source]

Healthy Adults:

  • Poor correlation with BBT (r = 0.052)
  • Adequate correlation with FRT (r = 0.307)[12]

Hip Fracture:

  • 优秀的软木relation with 6MWT (correlation coefficient = 0.82)
  • Adequate correlation with LE strength (r = 0.51)
  • Adequate correlation with LE power (r = 0.58)
  • Poor correlation with hip pain (r = -0.23)
  • Poor correlation with bodily pain (r = 0.30)
  • Poor correlation with vitality (r = 0.26)
  • Adequate correlation with physical role (r = 0.54)
  • Adequate correlation with social role (r = 0.42)[17]

Convergent Validity[edit|edit source]

SCI:

  • 优秀的软木relation between the TUG and 10MWT (r = 0.89, n = 70)
  • 优秀的软木relation between 10MWT and 6MWT (ρ = -0.95, n = 62)
  • Subgroup comparisons of WISCI II and 10MWT
  • 优秀的软木relation between WISCI II and 10MWT when testing individuals with WISCI II scores 11 - 20 (p = -0.68, n = 47)
  • Poor correlation between the WISCI II and 10MWT when testing individuals with WISCI II scores 0 - 10 (r = -0.24, n = 20)
  • Adequate but not significant correlation between WISCI II (0-8,10,11,14,17), dependent walkers (r = -0.35, n = 15)
  • Adequate correlation between WISCI II (9,12,13,15,16,18-20) independent walkers (r = -0.48, n = 43)
  • Overall, improved validity in individuals who are less impaired, higher walking ability, and do not require assistance[18]

Stroke:

  • 优秀的软木relation between comfortable gait speed and TUG (ICC = -0.84), FGS (ICC = 0.92), Stair climbing ascend (SCas) (ICC = -0.81), Stair climbing descend (SCde) (ICC = -0.82), 6MWT (ICC = 0.89)
  • 优秀的软木relation between fast gait speed and TUG (ICC = -0.91), CGS (ICC = 0.88), SCas (ICC = -0.84), SCde (ICC = -0.87) and 6MWT (ICC = 0.95)[10]

Responsiveness[edit|edit source]

Geriatrics:

  • Small meaningful change = 0.05 m/s
  • Substantial meaningful change = 0.10 m/s[19]

SCI:

  • Smallest real difference = 0.13 m/s
  • Mean change between 1 and 3 months post injury, effect size = 0.92
  • Mean change between 3 and 6 months post injury, effect size = 0.47[8]

Stroke:

  • Small meaningful change = 0.05 m/s
  • Substantial meaningful change = 0.10 m/s[19]

Links[edit|edit source]

10-Metre Walk Test

Recent Related Research (fromPubmed)[edit|edit source]

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References[edit|edit source]

  1. ↑SCIREWebVideo. SCIREproject.com - 10 Meter Walk Test. Available from:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vKhgHOFCamU[last accessed 09/09/16]
  2. ↑Pirpiris, M., Wilkinson, A., et al. "Walking speed in children and young adults with neuromuscular disease: comparison between two assessment methods." Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics 2003 23(3): 302
  3. ↑3.03.1Watson, M. J. "Refining the ten-metre walking test for use with neurologically impaired people." Physiotherapy 2002 88(7): 386-397
  4. ↑Bohannon, R. W. "Comfortable and maximum walking speed of adults aged 20-79 years: reference values and determinants." Age Ageing 1997 26(1): 15-19
  5. ↑Hollman, J. H., Beckman, B. A., et al. "Minimum detectable change in gait velocity during acute rehabilitation following hip fracture." J Geriatr Phys There 2008 31(2): 53-56
  6. ↑Steffen, T. and Seney, M. "Test-retest reliability and minimal detectable change on balance and ambulation tests, the 36-item short-form health survey, and the unified Parkinson disease rating scale in people with parkinsonism." Physical Therapy 2008 88(6): 733-746
  7. ↑Bowden, M. G. and Behrman, A. L. "Step Activity Monitor: accuracy and test-retest reliability in persons with incomplete spinal cord injury." J Rehabil Res Dev 2007 44(3): 355-362
  8. ↑8.08.1Lam, T., Noonan, V., et al. "A systematic review of functional ambulation outcome measures in spinal cord injury." Spinal Cord 2007 46(4): 246-254
  9. ↑9.09.1Collen, F., Wade, D., et al. "Mobility after stroke: reliability of measures of impairment and disability." Disability and Rehabilitation 1990 12(1): 6-9
  10. ↑10.010.1Flansbjer, U. B., Holmback, A. M., et al. "Reliability of gait performance tests in men and women with hemiparesis after stroke." J Rehabil Med 2005 37(2): 75-82
  11. ↑van Loo, M. A., Moseley, A. M., et al. "Test-re-test reliability of walking speed, step length and step width measurement after traumatic brain injury: a pilot study." Brain Inj 2004 18(10): 1041-1048
  12. ↑12.012.112.2Wolf, S. L., Catlin, P. A., et al. "Establishing the reliability and validity of measurements of walking time using the Emory Functional Ambulation Profile." Phys There 1999 79(12): 1122-1133
  13. ↑van Hedel, H. J., Wirz, M., et al. "Assessing walking ability in subjects with spinal cord injury: validity and reliability of 3 walking tests." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2005 86(2): 190-196
  14. ↑Scivoletto, G., Tamburella, F., et al. "Validity and reliability of the 10-m walk test and the 6-min walk test in spinal cord injury patients." Spinal Cord 2011 49(6): 736-740.
  15. ↑15.015.1Tyson, S. and Connell, L. "The psychometric properties and clinical utility of measures of walking and mobility in neurological conditions: a systematic review." Clin Rehabil 2009 23(11): 1018-1033
  16. ↑Paltamaa, J., Sarasoja, T., et al. "Measures of physical functioning predict self-reported performance in self-care, mobility, and domestic life in ambulatory persons with multiple sclerosis." Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2007 88(12): 1649-1657
  17. ↑Latham, N., Mehta, V., et al. "Performance-based or self-report measures of physical function: which should be used in clinical trials of hip fracture patients?" Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 2008 89(11): 2146-2155
  18. ↑van Hedel, H. J., Wirz, M., et al. "Assessing walking ability in subjects with spinal cord injury: validity and reliability of 3 walking tests." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2005 86(2): 190-196
  19. ↑19.019.1Perera, S., Mody, S., et al. "Meaningful change and responsiveness in common physical performance measures in older adults." Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2006 54(5): 743-749


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