Transversospinales
Description[edit|edit source]
Transversospinales muscle group is a deep group ofback musclesthat lies deep to theErector Spinae．它由三个主要的子组:半棘肌,multifidusandrotatores．
The transversospinalis muscles group runs obliquely and medially from the transverse process of the vertebra below to the spinous process, filling the groove on either side of the spinous process.[1]
Semispinalis[edit|edit source]
Semispinalisis the most superficial of the transversospinalis muscle group. Its attachment sites are the thoracic vertebrae (semispinalis thoracis), cervical vertebrae (semispinalis cervicis) and occipital bone at the base of the skull (semispinalis capitis)．It originates from the transverse process and crosses between 4 and 6 vertebra to attach in the spinous process.[1]
Multifidus[edit|edit source]
Multifidusmuscle lies deep to the semispinalis and spans the whole length of the vertebral column, it is most developed in the lumbar region. It originates from the transverse process and crosses between 2 and 4 vertebra to attach in the spinous process.[1]
轮值表tores[edit|edit source]
轮值表toresmuscle lies deep to the multifidus and spans the whole length of the vertebral column, it is most developed in the thoracic region. It consists of 2 part long and short rotatores.
Long rotatores passes from the transverse process medially to the spinous process, crossing 2 vertebrae, while short rotatores passes from the transverse process and inserts in the adjacent spinous process at the same level.
Its attachment sites are thelumbar vertebrae(rotatores lumborum),thoracic vertebrae(rotatores thoracis) andcervical vertebrae(rotatores cervicis).[1]
| Muscle | 起源 | Insertion |
|---|---|---|
| Semispinalis thoracis | Transverse process of T6 to T10 | Spinous process of T1 to T4 and C6,C7 |
| Semispinalis cervicis | Transverse process of upper 4-6 thoracic vertebrae | Spinous process of C2 to C5 |
| Semispinalis capitis | Transverse process of T1 to T6 or T7 and C7 Articular process of C4 to C6 |
Base of the skull, at the occipital bone medially between the inferior superior nuchal lines |
| Multifidus | Posterior sacrum, origin of erector spinae, posterior superior iliac spine, mammillary process of lumbar vertebrae, transverse process of thoracic vertebrae and articular process of lower cervical vertebra C4-C7. | Base of spinous process of all vertebrae from L5 to C2 |
| 轮值表tores lumborum | 腰椎横突 | Spinous process of lumbar vertebrae |
| 轮值表tores thoracis | Transverse process of thoracic vertebrae | Spinous process of thoracic vertebrae |
| 轮值表tores cervicis | Transverse process of cervical vertebrae | Spinous process of cervical vertebrae |
Action[edit|edit source]
The transversospinalis muscles group share the same action, bilateral contraction extends the spine and unilateral contraction rotates the vertebral column to the opposite side.
With the exception of the semispinalis capitis, bilateral contraction pulls the head posteriorly and unilateral contraction pulls the head posteriorly and rotates the chin to the same side of the contracting muscle.[1]
Nerve Supply[edit|edit source]
The transversospinalis muscles group share the same nerve supply from the dorsal rami of the spinal nerves.[1]
Blood Supply[edit|edit source]
Branches of the vertebral, deep cervical, occipital, transverse cervical, posterior intercostal, subcostal, lumbar and lateral sacral arteries.[1]
Clinical Relevance[edit|edit source]
The transversospinalis muscle group functions inspinal stability,proprioceptionandposture, stabilizing the vertebral column. While the more superficial back muscles have a role in the movement of the vertebral column.[2]
Degenerative changes in the lumbar multifidus anderector spinaeobserved by imaging have been associated with lumbardisc herniationandfacet jointosteoarthritis．[3]
Assessment[edit|edit source]
Imaging techniques are used to detect degenerative changes in the muscle as decreased muscles density, decreased cross section area and increased fatty infiltration.[3]
- CT
- MRI (done when a tumour, infection, an insufficiency fracture, or disc protrusion is suspected)
- US
Treatment[edit|edit source]
For treatment check theCore Stabilitypage.
References[edit|edit source]
- ↑1.01.11.21.31.41.51.6Drake R, Vogl AW, Mitchell AW. Gray's Anatomy for Students E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2009 Apr 4.
- ↑Henson B, Edens MA．Anatomy, Back, Muscles.InStatPearls [Internet] 2018 Dec 23. StatPearls Publishing.
- ↑3.03.1Kalichman L, Carmeli E, Been E.The association between imaging parameters of the paraspinal muscles, spinal degeneration, and low back pain. BioMed research international.2017;2017.
